Every well known whale, eventually from terrestrial stock, could use the hind legs which had less and less, thus by this slowly atrophied or subsequently shrank, unless big whales were again born with hind’s legs not seen at all. The prospective law then held best even for some of the accidental characters, like creature of cat or a human being , giving chance to be born with approximately six toes which could be progeny or some of which be quite superfluity in nature.

You could witness all popular scientist Lamarck who actually creator of thinking for a more unthinking globe, by making valuable points what if unique characters obtained by utilization or non utilization of cinch parts were slowly handed on for long duration enough, thus appearing or visualizing another special kind of plant kingdom or animal kingdom, a unique creature with potent noticeable characters leaving it out others. You can notice that it would be first significant blow to the school of thought where trusted in a instant made creation of globe.

It is seen that you could come across many incidents which are potent and discreet human being activities and trusted that it would cinch seen that numerous active professional workers could be efficaciously engaged in the selected field, resulting to be unknown even of each other’s survival of existence. It is thus to specifically continue for many valuable years till one could professionally mind crystallizes the cogent work of all, or at low supplies where some important factor found missing altogether , resulting for another and globally accepted change of order in several things. The popular mastodon is seen to be one of the several magnificent wild creature of this globe where actually vanished from very face of this universe. The causes are then illustrated with many explanations stating it could get vanished because of inclement climate changes, mass killings or by powerful enemies towards them.

It is believed that man, the gorilla and the gibbon have all come from a common stock. The gibbon has kept the form of his ancestors; the gorilla has progressed a little from that form, while man has evolved to his present position. If we closely examine the skeletons of the gorilla and man, it can be seen that every one of the two hundred and six bones are present in both, in exactly the same position in the body. Each bone shows the same characteristics. The differences relate to proportion, size and minor detail. For instance, man’s brain case is larger, his trunk smaller, his lower longer, his upper limbs shorter. The great anthropoids are susceptible to many infectious diseases from which man suffers today.

Having accepted the fact that Homo sapiens is an animal, built on the same plan as other mammals and subject to the same physiological laws, scientists by experimenting untiringly on such mammals as rats relating to the human body. In consequence, medical science is capable of curing or preventing a thousand ills for which previously there were no remedies.

In order to understand the working of the body, it must be remembered that within this complex machine are other and smaller machines which, for the smooth running of the whole, must be kept in constant good repair. These smaller machines are represented by the seven systems of the body, the osseous, the muscular, the respiratory and digestive which excretory, the reproductive and last but certainly not least the nervous system.

Within each system designed for a special use are organs for special work, these organs being composed of and kept together by tissues of various kinds. The smallest units in the body are the cells, countless millions of which are bound together to form the tissues.

The special work for which the osseous or bony system has been designed is to provide a strong framework for the body, to afford support and protection to the softer structures and to give attachment to the muscles. When force is exerted by the muscles, the bones act as levers. The muscular system then provides the agents that bring about movement in the body.

This work of distribution is done by the circulatory system, which also conveys the oxygen from the lungs, the heart acting as a central pump for the blood by which the oxygen is carried. The excretory system is the scavenger of the waste products. It takes away the poisons so that the machine is left free to work smoothly.

The reproductive system is concerned with the transmission of the germ-plasma, that part of the living substances of man which is handed on from one generation to another, and by which Homo sapiens propagates his species. Lastly, the nervous system with the brain as the most important control directs and orders all other systems, ensuring co-ordination. The body as such is therefore a factory with elaborate and specialized machinery and a chemical works.

The vertebral column, which man has in common with fish, amphibian, reptiles and birds, is the central axis round which the body is built. Of the thirty three vertebrae of which this column is made, twenty four are jointed , namely , the seven cervical which make the framework for the chest and the five large vertebrae in the middle of the back known as the lumbar vertebrae. The next five are jointed into one bone, the sacrum wedged into the hip bones on either side. The last four are also fused into one bone, known as the coccyx, which is all that is now left of the human tail.

At about the third week of the development of the human embryo the tail is clearly visible on the surface of the body, into which it later disappears. When man assumed the upright position, he no longer needed the tail for the work of balancing, although even now there are rare cases of children born with true tails.

The vertebrae, placed one above the other with soft pads of cartilage or gristle between them to act as shock absorbers, give support to the body, allowing the weight to be transferred from the head and trunk to the hips and legs. Further, the column has the advantage of old age, the pads of cartilage trend to become hard. Perhaps the most important function of the backbone is to protect the spinal cord, the connecting link between the body and the brain.

Each single vertebra except the two at the top of the column, the atlas and the axis as they are called is made up of a bony ring, thickened in front. Jutting out from the back of the ring is a small spiky tip, and from the sides two other pointed processes project, the whole forming a kind of hook for the muscles of the back.

The first cervical vertebra, the atlas, consists of a ring thickened at the sides. The two little hollows on its upper surface are designed to take the two bony knobs of the occipital bone at the back of the head. The second vertebra, the axis, has a kind of peg fitting into the atlas above. When the head is turned from side to side, both the skull and the atlas move together round this peg, but if the head is nodded, it is enabled to rock up and down because the bony knobs fit into the hollows mentioned above.

When you take up the bones of the face, the skull is made up of the brain-box, or cranium, and the face. With the exception of the lower jaw, the bones here are neatly fitted into each other by their saw-like edges. The chief of these bones are the frontal , the two parietal or side bones, the two temporal bones, and the occipital bone with its large perforation about one inch and half across , through which the spinal cord enters the brain.

The face has fourteen separate bones, the most important of which are the upper and lower jaw, the two molar bones for the cheeks, and the two nasal bones. The lower jaw, in which the lower teeth are fixed , is so jointed that it can work up and down, from side to side, and forward and back, making it possible for man to grind up his food.

The protecting cage for the thorax, or chest, is made up thus, behind of the twelve thoracic vertebrae, in front of the dagger-like breast –bone, or sternum, and at the sides, of the twelve pairs of curved ribs. Each pair of ribs is fixed to vertebrae behind and to the breast-bone in front, with the exception of the last two pairs. These are shorter than the rest and are known as floating ribs, since they end in muscle and are not connected here to any bone.

Both wrist and ankle are made up of small irregular bones. In the wrist there are eight carpal bones arranged in two rows of four, the second row being joined to five delicate bones, the metacarpals, in the palm of the hand. The metacarpals are jointed to the bones in the fingers- the phalanges, as they are called of which there are three in each finger and two in the thumb. In the foot the tarsal, or ankle, bones are seven, which with the metatarsal bones together go to form the arch of man’s foot. Man is the only mammal to have an arch to his foot.

The arms and legs are connected to the trunk by the shoulder girdle and the pelvic girdle. At the neck the collar bones, or clavicles, can be felt as they pass outwards on either side from the breast-bone to meet the scapula-the flat triangular shoulder-blade, as it is shoulders are shrugged, the scapula is a bone that moves very freely, being kept in place largely by the strong surrounding muscles. The outer angle of the scapula is hollowed to take the rounded head of the humerus into its cup.

In precisely the same way the femur fits into the hip-bone, which is part of the pelvic girdle. This girdle, or bony basin, is made up of the sacrum and coccyx behind, jointed to the large hip-bones curving and meting in front. In man the whole is so tilted that with its attendant organs of reproduction. It is also discussed how important the bone developments are and much studies were conducted. The developments are closely studied and examined each stage with accurate illustrations. The studies are found to be discreet and worthwhile to know about the findings.

Running down the middle of long bones such as the femur is the marrow, made up of blood cells and fat. Although bones are largely made up of mineral matter, yet living cells permeate every part of them, they have blood vessels to nourish them and nerve cells to stimulate them.

All bones are bound together by ligaments strong white, fibrous bands which, because of their elasticity, permit of a certain amount of movement without dislocation taking place. The union of two bones is called a joint.

The work, of all joints of which there are two hundred and thirty in the body, is to allow of movement between bones, and for this purpose they are admirably constructed. According to the kind of movement which takes place at any particular joint, it is known as a gliding, hinge, pivot or ball and socket joint.

The ends of the bones, which are lashed together by the ligaments, are provided with a glossy covering of cartilage, enabling them to move smoothly against each other. In addition, all round the joint there is a special ligament known as the capsule, which makes a kind of bag for it. The bag itself is lined with synovial membrane, a delicate tissue so named because of the lubricant it secretes, synovia.

This joint oil is made from the dead bodies of the cartilage building cells at the end of the bones. In people who have rheumatism in the joints this self lubricating device has ceased to function, for the cartilage round the bones has become dry and possibly worn away, while the joint itself creaks and grates like a pieces of rusty machinery. Gliding joints do not permit of very much movement, they are found at the wrists and between the vertebrae. Hinge joints are formed by round ends of one bone fitting into hollows of the other. By this arrangement a forward and backward movement in one plane takes place. Such joints occur at the knee, and between the phalanges of the fingers and toes.

When the striped tissue of a voluntary muscle contracts, as when the biceps muscle contracts to bend the arm, it shortens and thickens, pulls on the tendons, and the bone is put in motion. A single contraction takes about one-tenth of a second. Tendons themselves are often protected by a synovia-lined sheath, so that they are able to glide smoothly when the muscle works.

One muscle nerve works alone, because after a bone has been moved it is brought back to its original position by a second muscle, antagonistic in its action. Man’s posture is maintained by a large number of muscles acting at the same time. For instance, the contraction of muscles at the back of the neck would pull the head backwards but for the work of those connecting the face with the clavicle and the sternum, similarly, muscles at the back of the legs would pull the body backwards but for the opposing muscles in front of the thigh connecting the hip bone with bones of the leg.

Whether seated or standing man uses all the muscles of the spine, and it is fatiguing to him to keep either of these positions for very long without changing. Muscles used to bend the limbs are called flexors, and those to stretch the limbs again are known as ex-tensors. In all there are about five hundred separate muscles in the body. Differing greatly in size and shape, they make up about three sevenths of a man’s total weight. It’s interesting to know details all about the bones in our human mechanism. More the study made on human body unique details are received which helps us to structure many research studies. The bio tech companies are coming forward to study and conduct research about various mechanisms in our human body.

Were it not for the muscles, the face would be no better than a mask. For example, the contraction of one of the chief muscles of the nose-pyramidalis, draws the skin down between the brows, at the same time making a groove across the nose. This gives a man a stern or even fierce expression. A dimple is formed by the contraction of another muscle of the face, the zygomaticus major.

Two muscles help man to chew his food; they are the masseter and the pterygoid, both passing from the cheek to the lower jaw. Being fixed above, they pull up the lower jaw when they contract. Their opponents pull down the lower jaw and open the mouth.

The broadest of the back muscles, the latissimus dorsi, forms a fan shaped sheet of muscle spreading upwards and outwards from the hip bone and the spines of the lower part of the vertebral column to the head of the humerus. It helps to draw the arm downwards, backwards and inwards.

The swimmer’s crawl stroke illustrates the work of this muscle. The long thin muscle coming from the front of the upper part of the hip bone and crossing over the thigh to be inserted just below the knee joint is the sartorius. Its work is to flex the thigh, at the same time rotating it outwards. When the tailor takes up his characteristic position, it is called into play, a fact which gives it its unique name, sartor. It is unique to hear so many details about human bodies. It aptly illustrates information’s with regard to weight synchronization and structures about the skeleton framework.

Here it may be of interest to note that no definite system of naming the muscles has been adopted. The unique names of the muscles have virtually risen up and no professionally well settled plan has been utilized in naming them. The power used by the muscles is obtained from the nourishments and from the oxygen brought to them by the blood, in the same way that the steam engine gets its power by adequate stoking up and by the presence of fresh air in the furnace. How the human machine is stoked and oxygenated for its work is told in another chapter.

In its use of the food supply to it the body is far more wonderful machine than any made by man. For not only does the food serve as fuel, which by its combustion gives the body the heat necessary to keep it working, but it is also made to repair the wear and tear inevitable its running. In other words, food rebuilds the cells and tissues which are constantly being destroyed, in addition to making it possible for the tissues and organs to do their work.

The first stage of digestion is the grinding up of the food by the teeth, which in an adult should number thirty two, sixteen in the upper and sixteen in the lower jaw, when the saliva moistens and lubricates it so that it becomes a kind of paste that can readily be swallowed. It is well known fact that there are ample information’s regard to muscles and human being metabolic system.

It was concerning the origin of man that the battle to be renewed again with fresh vigor on the publication in 1871 of Darwin’s descent of man and selection in relation to sex was waged most fiercely. The scientist, the layman and even the divine found, on the whole, little objection to the notion that a hornless breed of sheep might in time develop horns, or even that a semi-starfish, provided enough time were allowed , might eventually give rise to such complex and very different looking creatures as an ostrich and an elephant. Such theories were, indeed, already generally accepted.

But when it was suggested that man was of the same stock as the lower animal , was bone of their bone and flesh of their flesh, and produced by the same gradual process , the first shock of surprise gave way to indignation, and indignation to something approaching hysteria.

It was felt by all save the more pronounced godless scientists, that even if the other creatures were not the results of miraculous and cataclysmic creation, man certainly was. He stood alone, and to associate him with even a pedigree race-horse, far less a chimpanzee, was a direct insult to religion. Did not the Bible specifically declare, in the first chapter of Genesis, that God created man in His own image?

The church took its stand on the Bible, Darwin along with an ever increasing number of scientists and is it added, some theologians took his upon the mass of evidence that he and others had collected to support his theory of evolution. Thus was originated the great and unhappy, but entirely artificial conflict between religion and science.

Thomas Henry Huxley,Darwin’s bulldog as he called himself, was one of the foremost to rush into the fray. The meeting of the British association at Oxford in 1860 found the rival armies drawn up in formidable array, and a battle royal was waged in the halls of that ancient seat of learning.

When the Rt.Rev, the Lord Bishop of Oxford Dr. Samuael Wilberfoce sarcastically asked Huxley if he was related on his grandfather’s or his grandmother’s side to an ape, Huxley replied that he would not be ashamed to have a monkey for his ancestor, but that he would be ashamed to be connected with a man who used his gifts to obscure the truth. It is more interesting to learn scientist’s thoughts and their process of discoveries to the human kind.